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Learn about what PFMEA is and how it is performed to prevent process failures
Published 21 Apr 2023
Process Failure Mode Effects Analysis (PFMEA), also called Process FMEA, is a qualitative tool used for the intention of preventing failures. As an aid to initiatives for process improvement, PFMEA is used by manufacturing and process engineers to identify and analyze potential failures in a process. Conducting PFMEA allows teams to prepare and build process safeguards that’ll reduce or prevent the occurrence of operational downtime, injury or accident, costly repairs, and reworks in the business.
PFMEA is conducted when the following occurs in the organization:
Conducting Process FMEA can be summarized into 7 steps, which are as follows:
When starting PFMEA, it is important to first determine the focus of your evaluation. Is it a business process? A service process? Or a production process? Once you’ve determined what area you want to focus on, start reviewing the steps associated with it and determine what each step intends to accomplish. One of the best ways to do this is putting it on a flowchart for better visualization.
What could possibly go wrong in the step? Potential failure modes are scenarios that may derail the process from the intended outcome. For example, in a manufacturing company, it is quite common to use machineries like pallet conveyors for moving products as part of the production process. A potential failure mode for that process could be that boxes or bottles may slip, dash, or get damaged as they travel along the conveyor.
What could be the result if the identified potential failure occurs? Consider its impact on the customers, workers (e.g. injury), environment, facility, and even the process itself. There may be more than one, so list them all down and try to be as detailed as possible. When that’s done, rate its severity with 1 being the lowest and 10 as the highest. Severity ratings are based on how serious the consequences are.
What could trigger the potential failure mode? Determine the possible causes and trigger(s) for the failure mode effect to occur. For example, using the same situation mentioned in step 2. If an employee injury occurs due to the identified failure mode, how might that occur? Is it because the employees weren’t wearing the appropriate PPE or is it due to machinery malfunction? Once that’s determined, assign the appropriate rating for occurrence with 1 being the lowest and 10 as the highest. Occurrence ratings are based on how frequently the trigger or cause is likely to occur.
Are there existing controls that prevent or detect the failure mode from occurring? Ideally, process steps will have safeguards in place. Write down any related controls and assign detection rating to each, with 1 being the lowest and 10 as the highest. Detection ratings are based on how easily the failure mode will be detected using the current controls.
In calculating RPN, a process is evaluated and assigned a score on a scale of 1 – 10 and then multiplied to each other. The Risk Priority Number (RPN) will help determine teams which risks to prioritize and create corrective actions. Should the failure mode result in a high RPN, an action plan is created for either corrective measures or improvements. The action plan consists of a detailed instruction or lists of steps to take, assigned personnel to do them, and the target date of when it should be completed.
How to Compute for FMEA Risk Priority Number (RPN)
After the completion of the action plan, the PFMEA should be re-evaluated by re-calculating the RPN to measure it’s impact.
To better understand the steps of conducting PFMEA, below is an example that illustrates the PFMEA process in action.
In this example, a food manufacturing company evaluates the process steps in the production of their food products. All steps associated with the process are then listed down. For this example, we’ll focus on one process step:
Using this process step, the next actions involve: identifying potential failure modes, listing potential failure effects, assigning severity score, determining potential causes, assigning occurrence rating, determining current process controls, and assigning detection rating. Below is a table depicting all these actions:
Process step, variable, or key input:
Potential Failure Mode
Potential Effect on Customer/Workers Because of Defect
*SEV
Potential Causes
*OCC
Current Process Controls
*DET
Loading products into the machinery line/production line
boxes or bottles may slip, dash, or get damaged as they travel along the conveyor
This will delay reaching our production quota which can affect our delivery schedules. It can also cause injuries to workers and damage to facility equipment.
6
Machinery malfunction, Operating machinery in the wrong settings
4
Pre-operation checks on machines, Proper PPE for employees, Regular maintenance schedule for machineries, Training certifications for employees responsible for operating machineries.
8
*SEV – severity score; OCC – occurrence rating; DET – detection rating.
Once all this information is laid out, RPN is then calculated for all the process steps to determine which are the most pressing risks to address. For failure modes resulting in a high RPN, an action plan is devised consisting of detailed instructions or lists of steps for either corrective or improvement purposes. Later on, the RPN is re-calculated to measure the impact of the implemented action plan.
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Processes are a set of actions and steps taken in order to achieve the desired result. It serves as our foundation in all the things we do to achieve our goals. Processes ensure that all steps and actions taken are done in the right way and right time, making it easy to navigate towards the desired outcome. Moreover, it also affects the safety and quality of products and the people involved in it.
In a 2019 industry profile in the United States, the manufacturing industry was considered as one of the top 10 dangerous industries. Injuries and accidents reported commonly occur in the production process. In another report from HSE, statistics showed that most of the injuries in manufacturing are caused by coming into contact with objects or machinery, and slip, trip, or fall.
These reports prove just how critical it is for industries to be conscious of the processes they’ve laid down. To prevent business mishaps and to protect workers, processes should be guided by industry standards and best practices. Organizations can also create their own standards and best practices based on their own evaluation and analysis of processes through use of tools like PFMEA.
Take advantage of free technology to leverage your team into executing PFMEA with ease. SafetyCulture (iAuditor) by Safetyculture is an award-winning web and mobile platform dedicated to improving operations. SafetyCulture (iAuditor) raises safety, quality, and efficiency in the organization by transforming paper forms into digital templates.
Equip your team with SafetyCulture (iAuditor) and be able to:
Here’s a sample PFMEA template that you can download and customize for free.
Jai Andales
Jai Andales is a content writer and researcher for SafetyCulture since 2018. As a content specialist, she creates well-researched articles about health and safety topics. She is also passionate about empowering businesses to utilize technology in building a culture of safety and quality.
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