The Ultimate Guide to Foodborne Illness Prevention

Foodborne Pathogens

Several pathogens can cause foodborne illness, including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and toxins. Some common pathogens include:

• Salmonella: A bacterial infection often associated with undercooked meat or poultry, eggs, and raw milk.
• Escherichia coli (E. coli): While this bacteria can be found in humans, it has certain strains that can contaminate produce and lead to severe illness.
• Norovirus: A highly contagious virus that can rapidly spread through contaminated food or water, often found in shellfish or salads.
• Listeria: A bacterium commonly found in soil and water that can contaminate meat and dairy products, as well as fruits and vegetables.
• Clostridium perfringens: This bacterium is commonly found in raw meat and poultry that can cause illness when food is not cooked or reheated to the proper temperature.
• Campylobacter: This is commonly present in raw or undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, and contaminated water.

Common Sources of Foodborne Illness

Food can become contaminated through various sources. Some of these sourcesinclude the following:

Contaminants

Contaminants are unwanted substances that can make food unsafe to eat. They can be introduced at various stages of food production, from farming to processing, packaging, and preparation. Contaminants are classified into several categories based on their nature and origin:

1. Biological Contaminants: These contaminants come from living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
2. Chemical Contaminants: These include pesticides, which are residues from agricultural pest control, food additives, and heavy metals like lead, mercury, and cadmium
3. Physical Contaminants: These are items that can be seen with the eyes, and include foreign objects like glass, metal, plastic, and stones, as well as pests and  their droppings or body parts.
4. Environmental Contaminants: These contaminants enter the food supply through various avenues, including air and water pollution, as well as through soil contamination from industrial waste, sewage, and agricultural runoff.

Cross-Contamination

Cross-contamination occurs when harmful substances from one food item come into contact with another, contaminating it. For instance, when raw meat is placed on a chopping board and then used to chop vegetables without adequate sanitation, the vegetables may get contaminated with bacteria from the chicken.

Incorrect Food Safety Practices

Poor food safety practices can also lead to foodborne illnesses. Here are some common poor food safety practices that can lead to contamination and health risks:

Poor Personal Hygiene

Poor personal hygiene can lead to food contamination through inadequate hand washing, wearing dirty uniforms, using unclean equipment, and touching the face or hair without proper hand hygiene. These practices increase the risk of transferring harmful pathogens to food.

Improper Holding Temperatures

The critical range for food safety, known as the “Danger Zone,” spans from 40°F (4.44°C) to 140°F (60°C). Within this range, bacteria can multiply in number in as little as 20 minutes. To prevent bacterial growth, don’t leave food unrefrigerated for over 2 hours or just 1 hour if it’s above 90°F. Additionally, frequent temperature fluctuations from opening refrigerator doors can compromise food safety.

Inadequate Cooking Temperatures

Inadequate cooking temperatures can lead to food safety risks. Failing to reach the recommended minimum internal temperature of 165°F (73.9°C) for poultry can result in the survival of harmful bacteria. Uneven cooking from improper microwave use may result in some parts being undercooked. Lastly, relying solely on visual cues for doneness instead of using a food thermometer can be misleading and unsafe.

Improper Food Storage

Improper food storage can also contribute to the growth of harmful bacteria. For example, storing raw meat or poultry above ready-to-eat foods in a refrigerator can allow juices from the raw meat to drip onto other foods, contaminating them. Additionally, storing food in the fridge for too long can lead to spoilage and potential contamination.

Preventive Measures for Food Safety

Following proper food safety practices at all stages of food handling and preparation is crucial to prevent foodborne illnesses. Here are some preventive measures that can help ensure the safety of your food:

Adhere to HACCP Principles

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system helps prevent foodborne illness by systematically identifying, evaluating, and controlling hazards that could compromise food safety stages. Critical Control Points (CCPs) include cooking, where reaching the right internal temperatures kills harmful bacteria, and cooling, where quickly lowering temperatures prevents bacterial growth. Using HACCP checklists or plans ensures all necessary precautions are systematically followed.

Stay Up-to-Date on FSMA Regulations

In the US, it’s important to stay compliant with the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), as it strives to shift food safety efforts from reacting to foodborne illnesses to proactively preventing them. It recognizes that foodborne illness is a significant public health issue and outlines specific actions to be taken, such as the following:

• Produce Safety Standards: Developing evidence-based guidelines for safely cultivating and harvesting fruits and vegetables.
• Foreign Supplier Verification Programs (FSVP): Holding imported foods to the same standards as domestic products to ensure they meet US safety requirements.
• Food Defense: This policy addresses the risk of intentional contamination of food by requiring facilities to implement strategies through the Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration rule.
• Surveillance Systems: The FSMA aims to improve foodborne illness surveillance by collecting and analyzing health data to detect major contaminants and emerging hazards in the food supply.

Temperature Monitoring

The temperature of food is critical in preventing the growth of harmful bacteria. Through temperature monitoring, you can:

• avoid exposing food and its containers to the temperature danger zone;
• cook food to the appropriate internal temperatures;
• store perishable foods in the refrigerator at safe temperatures; and
• monitor cold chain management during food transportation and storage.

Food producers and handlers can maintain proper temperature control using monitoring systems such as the following:

• Digital Temperature Monitoring Systems: These systems utilize sensors to provide real-time data on temperature variations.
• Data Loggers: These devices automatically record temperature data over time.
• Remote Monitoring Technologies: Wireless temperature sensors can continuously monitor temperatures at multiple sites within a facility.
• Manual or Digital Thermometers: are essential for checking the internal temperatures of food items during cooking and storage.

Implement Temperature Control Protocols

Safety protocols that ensure proper temperature control can significantly reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses. Here are some control protocols to implement:

• Develop and enforce Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)  for monitoring and maintaining temperature control throughout food handling, storage, and transportation.
• Educate and train staff on effectively controlling temperature and monitoring equipment.

Importance of Temperature Monitoring

Temperature monitoring helps with mitigating, controlling, and avoiding foodborne illnesses through the following:

Stopping Bacterial Growth

As mentioned earlier, harmful bacteria can multiply at temperatures between 40°F (4.44°C) and 140°F (60°C). Monitoring proper temperatures helps prevent bacterial growth and subsequent foodborne illnesses.

Maintaining Food Quality

Proper temperature control helps preserve foods’ texture, flavor, and nutritional value. By cooking, cooling, and storing foods at the correct temperatures, the overall quality and safety of the food are maintained.

Reduce Waste and Cost

Accurate temperature monitoring reduces food spoilage by keeping products at safe temperatures throughout their lifecycle. This reduces waste and costs for food producers, distributors, and retailers.

Enabling Traceability and Accountability

Advanced temperature monitoring systems enable real-time tracking and historical data logging in the supply chain. This promotes transparency, quick issue resolution, and stakeholder accountability in food production and distribution.