Confined Space Safety

What is a Confined Space?

According to the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), a confined space is an area large enough to fully enter or perform certain jobs. A confined space also has limited or restricted means of entry or exit (e.g. portals, hatches, manholes, ladders, spiral stairways, crawl spaces or long distance to exit) and is not designed for continuous occupancy. Apart from the OSHA criteria, confined spaces are defined across countries or regions as follows:

• NIOSH Confined Space
  

  Based on the definition of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a confined space refers to a space which, by design, has limited openings for entry and exit, unfavorable natural ventilation which could contain or produce dangerous air contaminants, and which is not intended for continuous worker occupancy.
  While OSHA enforces regulations, NIOSH provides research-based recommendations to prevent work-related injuries. Therefore, it is empirical that NIOSH includes the element of “unfavorable natural ventilation” in their definition of a confined space.

• HSE Confined Space

  As the regulator of occupational health and safety legislation in the U.K, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) explains that a confined space is a place which is substantially enclosed (though not always entirely), and where serious injury can occur from substances or conditions within the space or nearby (e.g. lack of oxygen).
  While OSHA and NIOSH specify that a confined space is not designed or intended for continuous worker occupancy, the HSE emphasizes that a confined space safety does not only include substances or conditions within the area, but also nearby or around it.

• CCOHS Confined Space

  The Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS) probably offers the most detailed description of a confined space. CCOHS elaborates that a confined is a fully or partially enclosed space that is not primarily designed or intended for continuous human occupancy and has limited or restricted entrance or exit, or a configuration that can complicate first aid, rescue, evacuation, or other emergency response activities.
  However, the CCOHS adds that a confined space is a fully or partially enclosed space that can represent a risk for the health and safety of anyone who enters, due to one or more of the following factors:

  • its design, construction, location, or atmosphere;
  • the materials or substances in it;
  • work activities being carried out in it; or
  • the mechanical, process, and safety hazards present.

• WorkSafeBC Confined Space
  

  As a statutory agency based in the Canadian province of British Columbia, WorkSafeBC simply states that a confined space is an enclosed or partially enclosed area that is big enough for a worker to enter.
  Nevertheless, they gave examples of a confined space that is enclosed on all sides such as a tank, or as few as two sides such as an enclosed conveyor. WorkSafeBC concurs that confined spaces are not designed for someone to work in regularly.

• Safe Work Australia Confined Space
  

  According to the definition of Safe Work Australia (SWA), a confined space is determined by the hazards associated with the specific situation—not just because work is performed in a small space.
  As the Australian government statutory body for developing national policy relating to work health and safety (WHS) and workers’ compensation, SWA stresses that hazards in a confined space are not always obvious and may change from one entry point to the next.

Examples

Examples of confined spaces include tanks, vaults, pits, manholes, tunnels, equipment housings, pipelines, boilers, furnaces, compactors, sewers, attic spaces and elevator pits. Common work performed in confined spaces include maintenance, inspection, repair, and cleaning.

What is a Permit-Required Confined Space?

A permit-required confined space also known as a “permit space” contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere or any other serious safety or health hazards. Permit-required confined spaces are characterized as a high-risk workplace, requiring regulatory permits and strict entry and safety procedures.

OSHA Standard and Requirements

OSHA 1910.146 is the standard for confined spaces. It is found in Title 29 (Labor) Subtitle B (Regulations Relating to Labor) Part 1910 (Occupational Safety and Health Standards) Subpart J (General Environmental Controls). The OSHA confined space standard explains the requirements for permit-required confined spaces in detail. Generally, listed below are some OSHA confined space requirements:

• Evaluate the workplace to determine if any spaces are permit- required confined spaces.
• Inform exposed employees if the workplace contains permit spaces.
• Take effective measures to prevent employees from entering the permit spaces if employers decide that employees will not enter permit spaces.
• Develop and implement a written permit space program if employers decide that employees will enter permit spaces.
• Use alternate procedures for entering a permit space under certain conditions.
• When there are changes in the use or configuration of a non-permit confined space that might increase the hazards to entrants, reevaluate that space and, if necessary, reclassify it as a permit-required confined space.
• A space classified by the employer as a permit-required confined space may be reclassified as a non-permit confined space under specific procedures.
• When an employer (host employer) arranges to have employees of another employer (contractor) perform work that involves permit space entry, the host employer should follow the established protocol.
• In addition to complying with the permit space requirements that apply to all employers, each contractor who is retained to perform permit space entry operations should adhere to the given process.

What is a Rescue Plan in Confined Space Safety?

A confined space rescue plan is a system of steps undertaken by designated personnel to rescue employees from permit spaces. The rescue and emergency services often use a retrieval system, or the equipment used for non-entry rescue of persons from permit spaces, among other equipment necessary for safe entry into and rescue from permit spaces. The OSHA requirements related to a confined space rescue plan is as follows:

• Develop and implement procedures for summoning rescue and emergency services, for rescuing entrants from permit spaces, for providing necessary emergency services to rescued employees, and for preventing unauthorized personnel from attempting a rescue.
• Evaluate a prospective rescuer’s ability to respond to a rescue summons in a timely manner, considering the hazard(s) identified.
• Evaluate a prospective rescue service’s ability, in terms of proficiency with rescue-related tasks and equipment, to function appropriately while rescuing entrants from the particular permit space or types of permit spaces identified.
• Select a rescue team or service from those evaluated.
• Inform each rescue team or service of the hazards they may confront when called on to perform rescue at the site.
• Provide the rescue team or service selected with access to all permit spaces from which rescue may be necessary so that the rescue service can develop appropriate rescue plans and practice rescue operations.
• Provide affected employees with the personal protective equipment (PPE) needed to conduct permit space rescues safely and train affected employees so they are proficient in the use of that PPE, at no cost to those employees.
• Train affected employees to perform assigned rescue duties.
• Train affected employees in basic first-aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).
• Ensure that affected employees practice making permit space rescues at least once every 12 months.
• To facilitate non-entry rescue, retrieval systems or methods shall be used whenever an authorized entrant enters a permit space, unless the retrieval equipment would increase the overall risk of entry or would not contribute to the rescue of the entrant.
• If an injured entrant is exposed to a substance for which a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) or other similar written information is required to be kept at the worksite, that MSDS or written information shall be made available to the medical facility treating the exposed entrant.

Why is Working Safely in a Confined Space Important?

Statistics show that an average of 90 people died each year while working in confined spaces in the United States alone. Most of these incidents are caused by asphyxiation or oxygen deficiency due to the presence of deadly gases while performing certain jobs.

Detailed safety procedures must be thoroughly conducted to ensure all entrants will be provided adequate protection while performing their job inside the confined space. Moreover, employers are responsible for educating and reinforcing their workers about safety rules.

Safety Hazards

The main hazard when working in a confined space is the deadly atmosphere due to the presence of carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and methane gas that may result in oxygen deficiency or asphyxiation. Other common confined space hazards include unguarded machinery, exposed live wires, and heat stress.

What are the Oxygen Levels in Confined Spaces?

Outside the confined space, 21 percent oxygen is necessary to sustain life. Oxygen in confined spaces tends to go low. It might be used for rust, bacterial growth, and slime. Other gas may enter the confined space and displace the oxygen. Operations like heating will consume oxygen.

If oxygen is reduced to 12 to 16 percent, workers will increase pulse and respiration and experience loss of coordination. If the oxygen decreases to 6 to 10 percent, they will experience nausea, vomiting, loss of consciousness, and even death.

5 Confined Space Safety Rules

Confined spaces, particularly permit spaces, must be areas only accessible by trained professionals. Here are some general safety rules to help you stay safe in confined spaces:

1. Area must be free from hazards – Before entering a confined space, ensure that it has a permit prior to entry and the area is free from harmful materials and substances.
2. Test the atmosphere – A trained worker must conduct a series of atmosphere tests (oxygen, hydrogen, and explosive gas tests) which need to be recorded or included on the work permit.
3. Ventilate – Never use the ventilator as a vacuum to draw the air outside. Make sure your fan is safe and grounded. Also, test the atmosphere as much as possible. If the atmosphere is within limits, it is recommended to ventilate again.
4. Watch one another – When someone is working in a confined space, always ensure a workaround watch who can call rescue teams for emergencies or is capable and equipped to conduct a rescue.
5. Use PPE – Use harness, lifeline, or continuous gas monitoring devices. Also, use a self-contained breathing apparatus if needed.

Risk Assessment with iAuditor

Working in a confined space requires deep knowledge about safety procedures and protocols to secure all entrants from known hazards. iAuditor by SafetyCulture is a mobile app and cloud-based solution that empowers teams to collect consistent data to ensure adequate protection was provided to all entrants while performing their job inside a confined space.

With iAuditor, safety officers can perform confined space risk assessments on mobile devices anytime, anywhere—even while offline. They can easily capture, annotate, and attach photos of non-compliant items for more accurate reports. Confined space risk assessments can be sent immediately right after the inspection to any member of the organization with a single tap of a finger.