Understanding Construction Waste Management

Benefits of Reducing Construction & Demolition (C&D) Materials

Construction waste comprises about 40 percent of the total solid waste generated worldwide. Hence, reducing construction and demolition materials offers several benefits, including:

• Environmental Benefits: Reducing waste produced from construction activities can help minimize air, water, and soil pollution. It also conserves natural resources by reducing the need for raw materials.
• Economic Benefits: Proper waste management practices can lead to cost savings for contractors, builders, and project owners. Recycling and repurposing materials can reduce disposal fees and purchasing costs for new materials.
• Social Benefits: Efficient waste management practices can create job opportunities in the recycling industry while promoting sustainability within communities.

Types of Waste in Construction

Material waste is a challenging issue in construction projects. Over 75 percent of this waste has untapped value and is not being repurposed or recycled.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that total waste from construction projects was double that of municipal waste generated by households and businesses. It highlights the need for a proper waste management system for construction activities.

Some common types of construction waste include:

• Excavated soil and rock
• Insulation materials
• Metals, including steel and aluminum
• Demolition debris (e.g., concrete, bricks, and tiles)
• Wood waste from framing, formwork, and pallets
• Paints and varnishes
• Adhesives and sealants
• Electronic waste (e-waste)
• Unused or leftover building materials
• Packaging materials

Standards and Regulations

Construction waste management follows several standards and regulations to reduce environmental impact and ensure safe disposal of materials. Here are the main regulations and standards concerning construction waste:

Environmental Protection Act 1990

The Environmental Protection Act 1990 is a UK legislation establishing the legal requirements for waste management. The Act requires proper handling, transportation, and disposal of construction waste to minimize harm to human health and the environment. Non-compliance can result in penalties, including fines and clean-up notices.

Hazardous Waste Regulations 2005

The Hazardous Waste Regulations, which took effect in July 2005, outline how hazardous waste is controlled and tracked in England and Wales. These regulations established a registration process for hazardous waste producers and a new system for tracking waste movement.

Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994

The Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994 require anyone operating a waste management facility, such as landfills or incinerators, to have an appropriate permit. This regulation ensures that waste is disposed of safely and does not harm the environment.

Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015)

CDM 2015 aims to enhance the health and safety of construction projects. These regulations require clients, designers, contractors, and other parties involved in construction projects to consider how materials are managed throughout the project’s lifecycle.

ISO 14001: Environmental Management Systems

Although not legally mandated, many construction companies adopt ISO 14001 standard to demonstrate their commitment to effective environmental management practices, including waste reduction and recycling efforts.

Common Assessment Standard (CAS)

Created by Build UK in collaboration with Constructionline, CAS is a standardized pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ) for the construction industry in the UK. This standard encourages construction businesses to adhere to high environmental standards and addresses different areas of risk management, including solid waste management practices.

Strategies for Reducing Construction Waste

Construction companies and project owners can implement the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle strategies to reduce the amount of waste produced:

Reduce

Reduction helps prevent waste from being created from the start. Examples include:

• Preserve existing buildings instead of building new ones.
• Optimize the size of new constructions.
• Design new buildings for adaptability to extend their lifespan.
• Use construction methods that allow for disassembly and material reuse.
• Employ alternative framing techniques.

Reducing construction and demolition debris can also save landfill space, lessen the environmental impact of producing new materials, and lower overall project costs by avoiding unnecessary purchases.

Reuse

Some construction and demolition debris can be diverted and used as a resource for new projects to save on natural resources and reduce the waste that needs to be disposed of. For example, crushed concrete can serve as an aggregate in new construction, while scrap metals can be recycled into new products.

Other C&D materials that can be reused include:

• Landscape and land clearing debris
• Asphalt pavements
• Gravel and aggregate products
• Masonry scrap and rubble
• Clean wood
• Plastics
• Insulation materials

Recycle

Many construction debris and building components, including concrete, metals, plastics, wood waste, asphalt roofing shingles, and gypsum wallboard, can be recycled. Recycling helps keep these materials out of landfills and lowers the demand for new natural resources.

There are three effective methods for recycling waste:

• Site-separated keeps different materials separate on-site, allowing easier sorting and recycling.
• Commingled recycling involves mixing and sorting different materials at a recycling facility.
• Hybrid recycling combines on-site and off-site processing. Waste materials are sorted on-site, and the recyclables are transported to another facility for further processing.